Marti: Pàgina nova, amb el contingut: «At http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html you can find a complete list of commands. Here there is a backup of it: {| class="wikitable" border="1" | align="cente...».

2010-11-09T17:06:19Z

Pàgina nova, amb el contingut: «At http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html you can find a complete list of commands. Here there is a backup of it: {| class="wikitable" border="1" | align="cente...».

Pàgina nova

At http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html you can find a complete list of commands. Here there is a backup of it:

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Command'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
|-
|apropos whatis||Show commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe
|-
|man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf||make a pdf of a manual page
|-
|which command||Show full path name of command
|-
|time command||See how long a command takes
|-
|time cat||Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' dir navigation'''
|-
|cd -||Go to previous directory
|-
|cd||Go to $HOME directory
|-
|(cd dir && command)||Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir
|-
|pushd .||Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' file searching'''
|-
|alias l=\'ls -l --color=auto\'||quick dir listing
|-
|ls -lrt||List files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy
|-
|ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS||Print in 9 columns to width of terminal
|-
|find -name \'*.[ch]\' | xargs grep -E \'expr\'||Search \'expr\' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
|-
|find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F \'example\'||Search all regular files for \'example\' in this dir and below
|-
|find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F \'example\'||Search all regular files for \'example\' in this dir
|-
|find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done||Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
|-
|find -type f ! -perm -444||Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
|-
|find -type d ! -perm -111||Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
|-
|locate -r \'file[^/]*\\.txt\'||Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt
|-
|look reference||Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix
|-
|grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words||Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' archives and compression'''
|-
|gpg -c file||Encrypt file
|-
|gpg file.gpg||Decrypt file
|-
|tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2||Make compressed archive of dir/
|-
|bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x||Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files)
|-
|tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote \'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg\'||Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine
|-
|find dir/ -name \'*.txt\' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2||Make archive of subset of dir/ and below
|-
|find dir/ -name \'*.txt\' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents||Make copy of subset of dir/ and below
|-
|( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )||Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir
|-
|( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )||Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
|-
|( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote \'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p\' ||Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir
|-
|dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote \'dd of=sda.gz\'||Backup harddisk to remote machine
|-
| rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing)
|-
|rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file||Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
|-
|rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile||Locally copy with rate limit. It\'s like nice for I/O
|-
|rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:\'~/public_html\'||Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
|-
|rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/||Synchronize current directory with remote one
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' ssh '''(Secure SHell)
|-
|ssh $USER@$HOST command||Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell)
|-
|ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes||Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER
|-
|scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/||Copy with permissions to $USER\'s home directory on $HOST
|-
|ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST||Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80
|-
|ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST||Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143
|-
|ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST ||Install $USER\'s public key on $HOST for password-less log in
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' wget''' (multi purpose download tool)
|-
|(cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)||Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
|-
|wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file||Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
|-
|wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A \'*.jpg\' http://www.example.com/dir/||Download a set of files to the current directory
|-
|wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/||FTP supports globbing directly
|-
|wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep \'a href\' | head||Process output directly
|-
|echo \'wget url\' | at 01:00||Download url at 1AM to current dir
|-
|wget --limit-rate=20k url||Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
|-
|wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html||Check links in a file
|-
|wget --mirror http://www.example.com/||Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' networking '''(Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)
|-
|ethtool eth0||Show status of ethernet interface eth0
|-
|ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full||Manually set ethernet interface speed
|-
|iwconfig eth1||Show status of wireless interface eth1
|-
|iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed||Manually set wireless interface speed
|-
|iwlist scan||List wireless networks in range
|-
|ip link show||List network interfaces
|-
|ip link set dev eth0 name wan||Rename interface eth0 to wan
|-
|ip link set dev eth0 up||Bring interface eth0 up (or down)
|-
|ip addr show||List addresses for interfaces
|-
|ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0||Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0)
|-
|ip route show||List routing table
|-
|ip route add default via 1.2.3.254||Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254
|-
|host pixelbeat.org||Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa
|-
|hostname -i||Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
|-
|whois pixelbeat.org||Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address
|-
|netstat -tupl||List internet services on a system
|-
|netstat -tup||List active connections to/from system
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' windows networking '''(Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)
|-
|smbtree||Find windows machines. See also findsmb
|-
|nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4||Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
|-
|smbclient -L windows_box||List shares on windows machine or samba server
|-
|mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share||Mount a windows share
|-
|echo \'message\' | smbclient -M windows_box||Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' text manipulation '''(Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option)
|-
|sed \'s/string1/string2/g\'||Replace string1 with string2
|-
|sed \'s/\$.*\$1/\\12/g\'||Modify anystring1 to anystring2
|-
|sed \'/ *#/d; /^ *$/d\'||Remove comments and blank lines
|-
|sed \':a; /\\\\$/N; s/\\\\\\n//; ta\'||Concatenate lines with trailing \\
|-
|sed \'s/[ \\t]*$//\'||Remove trailing spaces from lines
|-
|sed \'s/\$[`\"$\\]\$/\\\\\\1/g\'||Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes
|-
|seq 10 | sed \"s/^/ /; s/ *\$.\\{7,\\}\$/\\1/\"||Right align numbers
|-
|sed -n \'1000{p;q}\'||Print 1000th line
|-
|sed -n \'10,20p;20q\'||Print lines 10 to 20
|-
|sed -n \'s/.*<\\/title>.*/\\1/ip;T;q\'||Extract title from HTML web page
|-
|sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts||Delete a particular line
|-
|sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n||Sort IPV4 ip addresses
|-
|echo \'Test\' | tr \'[:lower:]\' \'[:upper:]\'||Case conversion
|-
|tr -dc \'[:print:]\' < /dev/urandom||Filter non printable characters
|-
|tr -s \'[:blank:]\' \'\\t\' < /proc/diskstats | cut -f4||cut fields separated by blanks
|-
|history | wc -l||Count lines
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' set operations '''(Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file)
|-
|sort file1 file2 | uniq||Union of unsorted files
|-
|sort file1 file2 | uniq -d||Intersection of unsorted files
|-
|sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u||Difference of unsorted files
|-
|sort file1 file2 | uniq -u||Symmetric Difference of unsorted files
|-
|join -t\'\\0\' -a1 -a2 file1 file2||Union of sorted files
|-
|join -t\'\\0\' file1 file2||Intersection of sorted files
|-
|join -t\'\\0\' -v2 file1 file2||Difference of sorted files
|-
|join -t\'\\0\' -v1 -v2 file1 file2||Symmetric Difference of sorted files
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' math'''
|-
|echo \'(1 + sqrt(5))/2\' | bc -l||Quick math (Calculate f). See also bc
|-
|echo \'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)\' | bc||More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate
|-
|echo \'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)\' | python||Python handles scientific notation
|-
|echo \'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)\' | gnuplot -persist||Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size
|-
|echo \'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206\' | bc||Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
|-
|echo $((0x2dec))||Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
|-
|units -t \'100m/9.58s\' \'miles/hour\'||Unit conversion (metric to imperial)
|-
|units -t \'500GB\' \'GiB\'||Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes)
|-
|units -t \'1 googol\'||Definition lookup
|-
|seq 100 | (tr \'\\n\' +; echo 0) | bc||Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' calendar'''
|-
|cal -3||Display a calendar
|-
|cal 9 1752||Display a calendar for a particular month year
|-
|date -d fri||What date is it this friday. See also day
|-
|[ $(date -d \"tomorrow\" +%d) = \"01\" ] \|\| exit||exit a script unless it\'s the last day of the month
|-
|date --date=\'25 Dec\' +%A||What day does xmas fall on, this year
|-
|date --date=\'@2147483647\'||Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date
|-
|TZ=\'America/Los_Angeles\' date||What time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
|-
|date --date=\'TZ=\"America/Los_Angeles\" 09:00 next Fri\'||What\'s the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' locales'''
|-
|printf \"%\'d\\n\" 1234||Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
|-
|BLOCK_SIZE=\\\'1 ls -l||Use locale thousands grouping in ls. See also l
|-
|echo \"I live in `locale territory`\"||Extract info from locale database
|-
|LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix||Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes
|-
|locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less||List fields available in locale database
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' recode '''(Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)
|-
|recode -l | less||Show available conversions (aliases on each line)
|-
|recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt||Windows \"ansi\" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
|-
|recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt||Windows utf8 to local charset
|-
|recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt||Latin9 (western europe) to utf8
|-
|recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64||Base64 encode
|-
|recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt||Quoted printable decode
|-
|recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html||Text to HTML
|-
|recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro||Lookup table of characters
|-
|echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump||Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
|-
|echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x||Show latin-9 encoding
|-
|echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x||Show utf-8 encoding
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' CDs'''
|-
|gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz||Save copy of data cdrom
|-
|mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz||Create cdrom image from contents of dir
|-
|mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir||Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
|-
|cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast||Clear a CDRW
|-
|gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -||Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
|-
|cdparanoia -B||Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
|-
|cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wav||Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
|-
|oggenc --tracknum=\'track\' track.cdda.wav -o \'track.ogg\'||Make ogg file from wav file
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' disk space''' (See also FSlint)
|-
|ls -lSr||Show files by size, biggest last
|-
|du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head||Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop
|-
|du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h||Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage
|-
|df -h||Show free space on mounted filesystems
|-
|df -i||Show free inodes on mounted filesystems
|-
|fdisk -l||Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
|-
|rpm -q -a --qf \'%10{SIZE}\\t%{NAME}\\n\' | sort -k1,1n||List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
|-
|dpkg-query -W -f=\'${Installed-Size;10}\\t${Package}\\n\' | sort -k1,1n||List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
|-
|dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test||Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate
|-
|> file||truncate data of file or create an empty file
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' monitoring/debugging'''
|-
|tail -f /var/log/messages||Monitor messages in a log file
|-
|strace -c ls >/dev/null||Summarise/profile system calls made by command
|-
|strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null||List system calls made by command
|-
|ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null||List library calls made by command
|-
|lsof -p $$||List paths that process id has open
|-
|lsof ~||List processes that have specified path open
|-
|tcpdump not port 22||Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
|-
|ps -e -o pid,args --forest||List processes in a hierarchy
|-
|ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed \'/^ 0.0 /d\'||List processes by % cpu usage
|-
|ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS||List processes by mem (KB) usage. See also ps_mem.py
|-
|ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state||List all threads for a particular process
|-
|ps -p 1,2||List info for particular process IDs
|-
|last reboot||Show system reboot history
|-
|free -m||Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
|-
|watch -n.1 \'cat /proc/interrupts\'||Watch changeable data continuously
|-
|udevadm monitor||Monitor udev events to help configure rules
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' system information '''(see also sysinfo) (\'#\' means root access is required)
|-
|uname -a||Show kernel version and system architecture
|-
|head -n1 /etc/issue||Show name and version of distribution
|-
|cat /proc/partitions||Show all partitions registered on the system
|-
|grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo||Show RAM total seen by the system
|-
|grep \"model name\" /proc/cpuinfo||Show CPU(s) info
|-
|lspci -tv||Show PCI info
|-
|lsusb -tv||Show USB info
|-
|mount | column -t||List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
|-
|grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info||Show state of cells in laptop battery
|-
|dmidecode -q | less||Display SMBIOS/DMI information
|-
|smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours||How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total
|-
|hdparm -i /dev/sda||Show info about disk sda
|-
|hdparm -tT /dev/sda||Do a read speed test on disk sda
|-
|badblocks -s /dev/sda||Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|''' interactive '''(see also linux keyboard shortcuts)
|-
|readline||Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ...
|-
|screen||Virtual terminals with detach capability, ...
|-
|mc||Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ...
|-
|gnuplot||Interactive/scriptable graphing
|-
|links||Web browser
|-
|xdg-open .||open a file or url with the registered desktop application
|}

Comandes Linux - Historial de revisió

Marti: Pàgina nova, amb el contingut: «At http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html you can find a complete list of commands. Here there is a backup of it: {| class="wikitable" border="1" | align="cente...».