Usuaris i Grups: diferència entre les revisions
(→Altres) |
|||
(Hi ha 2 revisions intermèdies del mateix usuari que no es mostren) | |||
Línia 30: | Línia 30: | ||
-m és perque és creii la carpeta en /home | -m és perque és creii la carpeta en /home | ||
Crear usuari de sistema sense privilegis: | |||
useradd --system --no-create-home --shell /bin/false USUARI_MEU | |||
*--system usuari de sistema | |||
== Crear i gestionar Grups == | == Crear i gestionar Grups == | ||
Línia 89: | Línia 92: | ||
==Afegir usuari només per FTP== | |||
[[Afegir usuari FTP]] | |||
==Afegir usuari dins un Jail/CHROOT== | |||
[[Gentoo:Jail]] | |||
==Where does linux stores user and group information?== | |||
There is an explanation at: | |||
* http://bhagwat-masalkar.blogspot.com/2008/09/where-linux-user-group-information.html | |||
Just a copy of some part of it is this: | |||
User names and primary groups are stored in /etc/passwd. This file can be directly edited using the 'vi' editor, although this is not recommended. Format of the file is | |||
* User name (normally all lower case) | |||
* Password (encrypted - only contains the letter 'x') | |||
* User ID (a unique number of each user) | |||
* Primary Group ID | |||
* Comment (Normally the person's full name) | |||
* Home directory (normally /home/ | |||
* Default shell (normally /bin/bash) | |||
Each field is separated by a colon. | |||
for example: | |||
# cat /etc/passwd | |||
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh | |||
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/sh | |||
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh | |||
adm:x:3:4:adm:/adm:/bin/sh | |||
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh | |||
sync:x:5:0:sync:/bin:/bin/sync | |||
shutdown:x:6:11:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown | |||
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt | |||
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh | |||
operator:x:11:0:Operator:/var:/bin/sh | |||
nobody:x:99:99:nobody:/home:/bin/sh | |||
admin:x:1001:1000:admin:/home/admin: | |||
guest:x:1002:1000:guest comment:/home/guest: | |||
Says two users admin and guest on my linux box. | |||
Also it is having cat /etc/passwd- file which contains same information as cat /etc/passwd | |||
Passwords for each user are stored in /etc/shadow. This file should only be changed using the passwd command. | |||
example: | |||
# cat /etc/shadow | |||
root:$1$yzGL7ddg$Eb9YHTiaMQ52qDUOkjHLM1:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
bin:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
daemon:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
adm:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
lp:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
sync:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
shutdown:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
halt:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
uucp:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
operator:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
nobody:*:12963:0:99999:7::: | |||
admin:ddB035VORJOng:0:0:99999:7::: | |||
guest:LkD5clThUzVjw:0:0:99999:7::: | |||
It is having cat /etc/shadow- file which contains same information as cat /etc/shadow | |||
Group information is stored in /etc/group. This file can be directly edited using the 'vi' editor. Format of the file is | |||
* Group name | |||
* Group password (hardly ever used) | |||
* Group ID | |||
* User names (separated by commas) | |||
Each field is separated by a colon. | |||
example | |||
# cat /etc/group | |||
root:x:0:root | |||
bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon | |||
daemon:x:2:root,bin,daemon | |||
sys:x:3:root,bin,adm | |||
adm:x:4:root,adm,daemon | |||
tty:x:5: | |||
lp:x:7:daemon,lp | |||
uucp:x:14:uucp | |||
ftp:x:50: | |||
nobody:x:99: | |||
users:x:100: | |||
everybody:x:1000:admin,guest | |||
administrators:x:1001:admin | |||
It is having cat /etc/group- file which contains same information as cat /etc/shadow | |||
There are two groups everybody and administartors with users are admin,guest and admin respectively. | |||
==Altres== | ==Altres== | ||
Més info a: | Més info a: | ||
http://lpi.aluzina.org/wiki/LPIC-1/102_4 | http://lpi.aluzina.org/wiki/LPIC-1/102_4 |
Revisió de 09:26, 29 maig 2023
Informació
Usuari:
whoami
Ordinador:
hostname
Usuari i grup actual:
id
grup
vim /etc/group /sudoers
Ultims usuaris que s'han connectat al sistema:
last -n10
Els usuari estan guardats a:
/etc/passwd
I les seves contrasenyes a:
/etc/shadow
Crear i gestionar Usuaris
Crear usuari:
useradd -m -g GRUP_MEU USUARI_MEU -m és perque és creii la carpeta en /home
Crear usuari de sistema sense privilegis:
useradd --system --no-create-home --shell /bin/false USUARI_MEU
- --system usuari de sistema
Crear i gestionar Grups
Mirar si existeix un gurp:
grep GRUP_MEU /etc/group
Crear grup:
groupadd GRUP_MEU
Eliminar grup:
groupdel GRUP_MEU
Afegir-hi un usuari nou:
useradd -G GRUP_MEU USUARI_MEU passwd USUARI_MEU id USUARI_MEU
Afegir-hi un usuari que ja existeix:
- Afegir un grup a un usuari:
usermod -a -G GRUP_MEU USUARI_MEU
- o bé si volem que quedi només en aquest grup:
usermod -G GRUP_MEU USUARI_MEU
La relació entre nom usuari i el número id d'usuari es guarda a:
/etc/passwd
La relació entre grup i el número id del grup es guarda a:
/etc/group
Les contransenyes del usuaris es guarden a:
/etc/shadow
La configuració de qui pot fer SUDO es guarda a:
/etc/sudoers
SUDO
Here some information taken from http://lpi.aluzina.org/wiki/Plantilla:Sudo
- Se utiliza para ejecutar comandos con los privilegios de otra persona del sistema. Habitualmente esta otra persona es root.
- La sintaxis es simplemente añadir sudo al principio del comando en cuestión y si se tiene la autorización pertinente, te pide tu password para continuar.
- Se configura mediante el fichero de configuración /etc/sudoers. Pero con la utilidad visudo podemos comprobar que no cometemos errores de sintaxis.
Formato del archivo /etc/sudoers
usuario maquinas = (como_quien) NOPASSWD: comandos [: maquinas = (como_quien) comandos] %grupo ...
- El NOPASSWD: es opcional.
Modo gráfico
- En modo gráfico, cuando ejecutamos una aplicación administrativa, en Ubuntu se nos pide nuestro propio password igual que en modo texto, pero se utilizan kdesu o gksu.
- En Fedora se usa una interfaz para el PAM llamada userhelper similar al sudo y su configuración en /etc/security/console.apps/aplicacion
- Manual de sudo
Afegir usuari només per FTP
Afegir usuari dins un Jail/CHROOT
Where does linux stores user and group information?
There is an explanation at:
Just a copy of some part of it is this:
User names and primary groups are stored in /etc/passwd. This file can be directly edited using the 'vi' editor, although this is not recommended. Format of the file is
- User name (normally all lower case)
- Password (encrypted - only contains the letter 'x')
- User ID (a unique number of each user)
- Primary Group ID
- Comment (Normally the person's full name)
- Home directory (normally /home/
- Default shell (normally /bin/bash)
Each field is separated by a colon.
for example:
# cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/sh daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh adm:x:3:4:adm:/adm:/bin/sh lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh sync:x:5:0:sync:/bin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:11:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh operator:x:11:0:Operator:/var:/bin/sh nobody:x:99:99:nobody:/home:/bin/sh admin:x:1001:1000:admin:/home/admin: guest:x:1002:1000:guest comment:/home/guest:
Says two users admin and guest on my linux box. Also it is having cat /etc/passwd- file which contains same information as cat /etc/passwd
Passwords for each user are stored in /etc/shadow. This file should only be changed using the passwd command.
example:
# cat /etc/shadow root:$1$yzGL7ddg$Eb9YHTiaMQ52qDUOkjHLM1:12963:0:99999:7::: bin:*:12963:0:99999:7::: daemon:*:12963:0:99999:7::: adm:*:12963:0:99999:7::: lp:*:12963:0:99999:7::: sync:*:12963:0:99999:7::: shutdown:*:12963:0:99999:7::: halt:*:12963:0:99999:7::: uucp:*:12963:0:99999:7::: operator:*:12963:0:99999:7::: nobody:*:12963:0:99999:7::: admin:ddB035VORJOng:0:0:99999:7::: guest:LkD5clThUzVjw:0:0:99999:7:::
It is having cat /etc/shadow- file which contains same information as cat /etc/shadow
Group information is stored in /etc/group. This file can be directly edited using the 'vi' editor. Format of the file is
- Group name
- Group password (hardly ever used)
- Group ID
- User names (separated by commas)
Each field is separated by a colon. example
# cat /etc/group root:x:0:root bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon daemon:x:2:root,bin,daemon sys:x:3:root,bin,adm adm:x:4:root,adm,daemon tty:x:5: lp:x:7:daemon,lp uucp:x:14:uucp ftp:x:50: nobody:x:99: users:x:100: everybody:x:1000:admin,guest administrators:x:1001:admin
It is having cat /etc/group- file which contains same information as cat /etc/shadow There are two groups everybody and administartors with users are admin,guest and admin respectively.
Altres
Més info a:
http://lpi.aluzina.org/wiki/LPIC-1/102_4